1.01 – General information

Clariant Ltd (the »Company«) and its consolidated subsidiaries (together the »Group«) are a global leader in the field of specialty chemicals. The Group develops, manufactures, distributes and sells a broad range of specialty chemicals which play a key role in its customers’ manufacturing and treatment processes or add value to their end products. The Group has manufacturing plants around the world and sells mainly in countries within Europe, the Americas and Asia.

Clariant is a limited liability company incorporated and domiciled in Switzerland. The address of its registered office is Rothausstrasse 61, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland. The Company is listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange.

The Board of Directors approved the consolidated financial statements for issue on 15 February 2016. They will be subject to approval by the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders scheduled for 21 April 2016.

1.02 – Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of the Clariant Group have been prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the IFRIC interpretations applicable to companies reporting under IFRS, and with the significant accounting policies set out below.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention as modified by the revaluation of certain financial assets and liabilities (including derivative instruments) at fair value through profit or loss.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. These estimates and judgment affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Although these are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and circumstances, actual outcomes may ultimately differ from those estimates. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements, are disclosed under note 4.

1.03 – Standards, interpretations and amendments effective in 2015

The Clariant Group has applied the following standards, interpretations and amendments starting from 1 January 2015:

• Annual Improvements to IFRSs – 2010 – 2012 Cycle and 2011 – 2013 Cycle
• Defined Benefit Plans: Employee Contributions – Amendments to IAS 19

The adoption of the improvements made in the 2010 – 2012 and 2011 – 2013 cycles requires additional disclosures, the most note-worthy of which are disclosures to be made with regard to IFRS 8, Operating Segments, and IAS 24, Related Party Disclosures.

The amendment to IAS 19 introduces a simplification of the requirements for certain contributions to a defined benefit plan.

None of these amended standards, interpretations and amendments had a significant impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

1.04 – Standards, interpretations and amendments not yet effective

The following standards, interpretations and amendments already issued but not yet effective will be adopted by the Group as they become effective.

IFRS 9, Financial Instruments, addresses the classification, measurement and derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities and introduces new rules for hedge accounting and a new impairment model. The complete version of IFRS 9 was issued in July 2014. It replaces the guidance in IAS 39 that relates to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. The standard is effective for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. The Group is yet to assess the full impact of IFRS 9 on its consolidated financial statements.

IFRS 15, Revenue from contracts with customers, deals with revenue recognition and establishes principles for disclosing useful information about revenue and cash flows arising from these contracts. This standard replaces IAS 18, Revenue, and IAS 11, Construction Contracts, and related interpretations. It is effective for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. The Group is in the process of assessing the impact of IFRS 15 on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2016, the IASB published the new lease standard. IFRS 16, Leases, introduces a new lessee accounting approach by which the lessee will be required to recognize its leases on the balance sheet, by way of the recognition of a »right of use« asset and a lease liability. It also provides new guidance on sale and lease back accounting and requires new and different disclosures. This new standard will replace the guidance of IAS 17, Leases, and is effective for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019. Its impact on the Group financial statements is not assessed yet. There are no other standards, interpretations or amendments already issued but not yet effective that would be expected to have a material impact for the Group.

1.05 – Scope of consolidation

• Subsidiaries: Subsidiaries are those entities over which the Group has control. This is the case when it is exposed to, or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group and they are deconsolidated from the date the control ceases.
• Associates: Associates are entities over which the Group has significant influence but not control, generally accompanying a shareholding of between 20 % and 50 % of the voting rights. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method.
• Joint arrangements: The Group applies IFRS 11, Joint Arrangements, to all joint arrangements. Under IFRS 11, investments in joint arrangements are classified as either joint operations or joint ventures depending on the contractual rights and obligations of each investor. Clariant has assessed the nature of its joint arrangements and determined them to be joint ventures. Joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method.

All associates and joint ventures apply the same accounting principles as the Group.

1.06 – Principles and methods of consolidation

The annual closing date of the individual financial statements is 31 December. The consolidated financial statements are prepared applying uniform presentation and valuation principles.

The results of non-controlling interests are separately disclosed in the income statement and in the balance sheet.

1.07 – Revenue recognition

Sales of goods, interest income and dividends are recognized in line with the requirements of IAS 18, Revenue.

1.08 – Exchange rate differences

Exchange rate differences are recognized in line with the requirements of IAS 21, The Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Swiss francs, which is the functional and presentation currency of the parent company.

Income statements and cash flow statements of foreign entities are translated into the Group’s presentation currency at sales-weighted average exchange rates for the year and their balance sheets are translated at the exchange rates prevailing on 31 December.

1.09 – Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment, except for the ones pertaining to mining activities, are valued at historical acquisition or production costs and depreciated on a straight-line basis to the income statement, using the following estimated useful lives in accordance with the Group guidelines:

• Buildings: 15 to 40 years
• Machinery and equipment: 10 to 16 years
• Furniture, vehicles, computer hardware: 3 to 10 years
• Land is not depreciated

Property, plant and equipment pertaining to mining activities are valued at historical costs and depreciated over their useful lives to the income statement using the units of production method.

When the entity has a present legal or constructive obligation to dismantle an item of property, plant and equipment or restore a site, its initial costs include an estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located. A corresponding provision is recorded for the amount of the asset component.

Financing costs directly associated with the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying property, plant and equipment are capitalized as a part of the costs of these assets.

1.10 – Intangible assets

Goodwill is recognized as per the requirements of IFRS 3, Business Combinations, IAS 38, Intangible Assets and IAS 28, Investment in Associates and Joint Ventures. Goodwill is not amortized, but tested annually for impairment as required by IAS 36, Impairment of Assets.

Trademarks and licenses are capitalized at historical costs and amortized on a straight-line basis to the income statement over their estimated useful lives, with a maximum of ten years.

Acquired computer software licenses are capitalized on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and bring to use the specific software. They are amortized on a straight-line basis to the income statement over their estimated useful lives (three to five years). Costs directly associated with the production of identifiable and unique software products controlled by the Group, that will probably generate economic benefits beyond one year, are recognized as intangible assets.

Direct costs include software development costs, personnel costs and advisory costs directly related to the software development and an appropriate portion of the relevant overheads. Costs associated with developing and maintaining common software programs are recognized as an expense when incurred.

Intangibles acquired in a business combination with the exception of mining rights are amortized using a straight-line method over their remaining useful lives as follows:

• Technology: 3 to 15 years
• Customer relationships: 6 to 20 years
• Tradenames: 10 years
• Order backlog: 2 years

Mining rights are depreciated over their useful lives using the units of production method.

On 1 June 2007, a European Union regulation on chemicals and their safe use came into effect. It deals with the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances (REACH). REACH applies to all substances manufactured, placed on the market and used in the European Union, either on their own, in mixtures or in products. REACH requires the registration of certain substances, with annual volumes exceeding a consumption of 1 000 metric tons, by 2010 and various other substances depending on their category by 2018.

As a company active in the chemical industry, Clariant has incurred costs in connection with REACH. Due to their nature, these costs are considered within the context of IAS 38, Intangible Assets, and those qualifying for capitalization are reported as intangible assets. As the initial two phases of the registration were completed in 2010 and 2013 respectively, the corresponding costs capitalized as intangible assets are amortized since 2011 for the first phase and since January 2014 for the second phase on a straight-line basis to the income statement over their estimated useful lives of twelve years.

1.11 – Impairment of assets

Impairment of assets are recognized and disclosed as per the requirements of IAS 36, Impairment of Assets.

1.12 – Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale

Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale when their carrying amount is to be recovered through a sale transaction and a sale is considered highly probable. They are stated at the lower of the carrying amount and fair value less costs of disposal, as per the requirements of IFRS 5, Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations.

1.13 – Inventories

Purchased goods are valued at acquisition costs, while self-manufac-tured products are valued at manufacturing costs including related production overhead costs. Inventory held at the balance sheet date is primarily valued at standard costs, which approximates actual costs on a weighted average basis. This valuation method is also used for valuing the costs of goods sold in the income statement. Adjustments are made for inventories with a lower net realizable value. Unsaleable inventories are fully written off. These adjustments are recorded as valuation allowances, which are deducted directly from the inventory value in the balance sheet. The allowances are reversed when the inventories concerned are either sold or destroyed and as a consequence are removed from the balance sheet.

1.14 – Trade receivables

Trade receivables are recognized in accordance with IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.

1.15 – Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash in hand, deposits and calls with banks, as well as short-term investment instruments with an initial lifetime of 90 days or less. Bank overdrafts are shown within financial debt in current liabilities on the balance sheet.

1.16 – Derivative financial instruments and hedging

Derivative financial instruments and hedges are recognized in accordance with IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.

1.17 – Leasing

The Group classifies leases into finance and operating leases and recognizes them based on the requirements of IAS 17, Leases.

1.18 – Current income tax

The taxable profits (losses) of Group companies are calculated in accordance with the rules established by the taxation authorities of the countries in which they operate. They are the basis for the determination of income tax payments (reimbursements) for the reporting period in accordance with the prevailing local income tax rates. Current income tax is accounted for in accordance with the requirements of IAS 12, Income Taxes.

1.19 – Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is calculated using the comprehensive liability method as per the requirements of IAS 12, Income Taxes.

No deferred income tax is calculated for the temporary differences on investments in Group companies, provided that the investor (parent company) is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

1.20 – Employee benefits

Group companies operate various post-employment schemes, including both defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans, post-employment health care plans and other benefits. Obligations for employee benefits are determined and recorded in line with the requirements of IAS 19, Employee Benefits.

Defined contribution plans: Contributions to defined contribution plans are recorded in the income statement in the period to which they relate.

Defined benefit plans: For defined benefit plans, the amount to be recognized in the provision is determined using the projected unit credit method. Independent actuaries perform the actuarial valuations for the defined benefit plans on a regular basis. For the larger plans these valuations take place annually. For the smaller ones valuations are performed at least every three years, with systematic roll-forwards in the years in between.

The retirement benefit obligations recognized in the balance sheet represent the present value of the obligations at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of the plan assets.

Actuarial gains and losses are charged or credited to equity in other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise. Past service costs are recognized immediately in the income statement.

Some Group companies provide post-employment health care benefits to their retirees. The entitlement to these benefits is usually conditional on the employee remaining in service up to retirement age and the completion of a minimum service period. The expected costs of these benefits are accrued over the period of employment using an accounting method similar to that for the defined benefit pension plans. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are charged or credited to equity in other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise.

The charges for defined benefit plans, defined contribution plans and termination benefits are included in personnel expenses and reported in the income statement under the corresponding functions of the related employees or in restructuring expenses.

Other long-term employee benefits are employee benefits (other than post-employment benefits and termination benefits) which do not fall wholly due within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. These include long-term compensated absences such as long-service or sabbatical leave and jubilee or other long-service benefits. The accounting policy for other long-term employee benefits is equal to that for post-employment benefits, with the exception that actuarial gains and losses are recognized immediately in the income statement.

Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits (other than termination benefits) which fall due wholly within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service.

1.21 – Provisions

Provisions are recognized as per the requirements of IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.

1.22 – Research and development

Development expenses are capitalized to the extent that the recognition criteria set up by IAS 38, Intangible Assets, are met.

Considering the uncertainties inherent to the development of new key products, Clariant does not capitalize the associated development costs. Experience has proven, that the structure of research and development in the industries that Clariant engages in, makes it difficult to demonstrate how single intangible assets (patents) will generate probable future economic benefits.

Laboratory buildings and equipment included in property, plant and equipment are depreciated over their estimated useful lives in accordance with the Group guidelines of note 1.09.

1.23 – Segment reporting

Segment information is presented in the same manner as in the internal reporting on behalf of the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision maker, responsible for strategic decisions, for the assessment of the segments’ performance and for the allocation of resources to the segments, is the Executive Committee.

As of 1 January 2014, Clariant divested the Detergents & Intermediates business to International Chemical Investors Group (ICIG).

As of 30 April 2014, Clariant divested the Leather Services business to the Dutch group Stahl.

For these reasons, any result pertaining to these Business Units was reported under discontinued operations in the financial reports for 2014 and 2015.

On 28 February 2015 Clariant sold its Energy Storage activities pertaining to the Business Area Catalysis & Energy to British-based Johnson Matthey. The assets and liabilities pertaining to that activity were reclassified to held for sale during the fourth quarter of 2014 and removed from the balance sheet on the disposal date.

Clariant has seven Business Units (BU) for external reporting purposes, grouped into four Business Areas (BA) (reportable segments), in accordance with IFRS 8, Operating Segments:

• Care Chemicals (BU ICS)
• Catalysis (BU Catalysts, Energy Storage activities sold in 2015)
• Natural Resources (BU Oil & Mining Services, BU Functional Minerals)
• Plastics & Coatings (BU Additives, BU Masterbatches, BU Pigments)

These four business areas have full responsibility for their operating results. The BUs were grouped into the business areas as a consequence of the common traits regarding products, markets, technologies and cyclicality, as described hereafter:

The Business Area Care Chemicals comprises the Industrial & Consumer Specialties (ICS) BU, food additives as well as the future Industrial Biotechnology business. It demonstrates a clear focus on highly attractive, high-margin, and low-cyclicality segments. The BA follows a lifestyle-driven megatrend and strengthens Clariant’s image of being a supplier of green and sustainable products.

The Business Area Catalysis develops, manufactures, and sells a wide range of catalyst products for the chemical, fuel and automotive industries. The Energy storage activities were divested in 2015. This BA is the smallest within Clariant but is highly profitable with low cyclicality.

The Business Area Natural Resources comprising BUs Oil & Mining Services and Functional Minerals, is characterized by high growth and low cyclicality as well as strong megatrend orientation. Main drivers are the rising demand for high-value added specialty chemicals used in the oil, mining, food and packaging industries, and increased consumption of oil, gas and base metals, driven by the fast-growing economies.

The Business Area Plastics & Coatings comprises the BUs Additives, Pigments and Masterbatches. The BA has a large exposure to Europe and, as such, is subject to lower growth and to economic cycles. Main drivers are the increasing use of plastics with tailor-made properties in applications such as mobile phones, cars, construction, as well as the rising consumption of plastics in line with increasing wealth.

Corporate: Income and expenses relating to Corporate include the costs of the Corporate headquarters and those of corporate coordination functions in major countries. In addition, Corporate includes certain items of income and expenses, which are not directly attributable to specific business areas.

The Group’s business areas are segments offering different products. These segments are managed separately because they manufacture, distribute and sell distinct products, which require differing technologies and marketing strategies. These products are also subject to risks and returns that are different from those of other segments.

Segment sales are sales reported in the Group’s income statement directly attributable to a segment and the relevant portion of the company income that can be allocated on a reasonable basis to a segment, whether from sales to external customers or from transactions with other segments.

Segment operating expenses are expenses resulting from the operating activities of a segment directly attributable to the segment and the relevant portion of an expense that can be allocated on a reasonable basis, including expenses relating to sales to external customers and expenses relating to transactions with other segments.

Intersegment transactions are entered into under the normal circumstances and terms and conditions that would also be available to unrelated third parties.

The segment net assets consist of segment assets, primarily property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, inventories and receivables, less segment liabilities. Usually no allocation of Corporate items is made to the segments. Corporate assets and liabilities principally consist of net liquidity (cash, cash equivalents and other current financial assets less financial debts) and deferred and current income taxes.

The Executive Committee assesses the performance of the operating segments based on income statement parameters like third-party sales, EBITDA, and operating result. Interest income, interest expense and taxes are not allocated to the segments. The return on the capital invested in each segment is measured by the Return on Invested Capital (ROIC).


1.24 – Share capital and other reserves

All issued shares are ordinary shares and as such are classified as equity. Incremental costs, directly attributable to the issue of new shares or options, are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

Written put options, where Clariant Ltd shares are the underlying, are reported as obligations to purchase Clariant Ltd shares if the number of shares is fixed and physical settlement for a fixed amount of cash is required, in case the option is exercised. At inception, the obligation is recorded at the present value of the settlement amount of the option and the corresponding effect is recognized in shareholders’ equity.

The liability is measured subsequently at amortized costs using the effective interest method. Upon settlement of such written put options, the liability is extinguished and the charge to equity is reclassified to the treasury shares.

Clariant Ltd shares, subject to such put options, are not considered to be outstanding for the purpose of basic earnings per share calculations, but are considered for the dilutive earnings per share calculations to the extent that they are dilutive.

Other reserves comprise the following items:

• Share premium: The share premium comprises the excess price paid over the par value of the share at the time of issuance of the share capital.
• Cumulative translation reserves: The translation reserves comprise the foreign exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial statements of the foreign subsidiaries stated in a currency other than the Group’s functional currency. In addition, the cumulative translation reserves comprise the foreign exchange differences arising on the translation of financial liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the parent company Clariant Ltd, which are at the same time designated as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign entity.

1.25 – Treasury shares

Treasury shares are deducted from equity at their par value of CHF 3.70 per share. Differences between this amount and the amount paid for acquiring, or received for disposing of treasury shares are recorded in retained earnings.

1.26 – Financial debt

Financial debt is recognized based on the requirements of IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.

1.27 – Financial assets

Financial assets are classified, recognized, measured and, if necessary, impaired based on the requirements of IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. Purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on settlement date, which is the date on which the Group receives or delivers the assets.

1.28 – Business combinations

The Group applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations in accordance with IFRS 3, Business Combinations, and recognizes any non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value (full goodwill method). Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.