5. Property, plant and equipment

in CHF m	Land	Buildings	Machinery and equipment	Furniture, vehicles, computer hardware	Assets under construction	Total 2015
Cost
As per 1 January	452	1 936	3 005	369	161	5 923
Additions	2	13	38	19	302	374
Acquired in business combinations	–	4	5	–	–	9
Disposals	–2	–72	–133	–24	–	–231
Reclassifications	1	23	13	14	–22	29
Exchange rate differences	–45	–182	–255	–38	–14	–534
At 31 December	408	1 722	2 673	340	427	5 570
Accumulated depreciation and impairment
As per 1 January	–125	–1 292	–2 107	–282	–13	–3 819
Disposals	–	72	133	22	–	227
Depreciation	–	–47	–128	–28	–	–203
Impairment (see note 25)	–	–1	–1	–	–	–2
Reclassifications	7	13	–60	–2	13	–29
Exchange rate differences	10	113	188	28	–	339
At 31 December	–108	–1 142	–1 975	–262	–	–3 487

Net book value	300	580	698	78	427	2 083

(XLS:) Download

in CHF m	Land	Buildings	Machinery and equipment	Furniture, vehicles, computer hardware	Assets under construction	Total 2014
Cost
As per 1 January	455	1 902	2 917	349	76	5 699
Additions	–	21	62	25	202	310
Acquired in business combinations (see note 24)	3	5	6	–	–	14
Reclassifications	–	37	79	16	–132	–
Reclassified to held for sale (see note 22)	–2	–26	–54	–1	–1	–84
Disposals	–	–22	–72	–31	–	–125
Exchange rate differences	–4	19	67	11	16	109
At 31 December	452	1 936	3 005	369	161	5 923
Accumulated depreciation and impairment
As per 1 January	–125	–1 259	–1 986	–273	–15	–3 658
Reclassified to held for sale (see note 22)	–	6	20	1	1	28
Disposals	–	22	54	29	–	105
Depreciation	–	–49	–138	–34	–	–221
Impairment (see note 25)	–1	–2	–1	–	–	–4
Exchange rate differences	1	–10	–56	–5	1	–69
At 31 December	–125	–1 292	–2 107	–282	–13	–3 819

Net book value	327	644	898	87	148	2 104

Impairments recognized in 2015 and 2014 arose as a result of restructuring measures entailing site closures and of disposal projects.

Exchange rate differences mainly arise from the changes in the euro/Swiss franc and Brasilian real/Swiss franc exchange rates. Both currencies significantly devalued against the Swiss franc in 2015.

As at 31 December 2015, commitments for the purchase of property, plant and equipment concerned various projects mainly in Germany, the United States and in China, and totalled CHF 105 million (2014: CHF 83 million).

As per 31 December 2015, property, plant and equipment acquired by way of finance lease, with costs of CHF 24 million (2014: CHF 31 million) and a net book value of CHF 11 million (2014: CHF 15 million) were recorded.

In a number of cases Clariant companies act as lessors in operating lease arrangements. This concerns exclusively land and buildings, mainly in Germany and Switzerland. The net book value of land and buildings subject to such arrangements amounted to CHF 168 million (gross book value of CHF 667 million, accumulated depreciation and impairment of CHF 499 million) on 31 December 2015 (2014: gross book value of CHF 734 million, accumulated depreciation and impairment of CHF 552 million and a net book value of CHF 182 million). Leasing income in the reporting period amounted to CHF 16 million (2014: CHF 14 million). Expected minimum lease income varies between CHF 10 million and CHF 15 million (2014: CHF 10 million and CHF 14 million) per annum for the next five years and amounts to CHF 116 million for later periods (2014: CHF 129 million).

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